Objectives of Monetary Policy free essay sample

These are the general objectives which every central bank of a nation tries to attain by employing certain tools (Instruments) of a monetary policy. In India, the RBI has always aimed at the controlled expansion of bank credit and money supply, with special attention to the seasonal needs of a credit. Let us now see objectives of monetary policy in detail :- 1. Rapid Economic Growth : It is the most important objective of a monetary policy. The monetary policy can influence economic growth by controlling real interest rate and its resultant impact on the investment. If the RBI opts for a cheap or easy credit policy by reducing interest rates, the investment level in the economy can be encouraged. This increased investment can speed up economic growth. Faster economic growth is possible if the monetary policy succeeds in maintaining income and price stability. 2. Price Stability : All the economics suffer from inflation and deflation. We will write a custom essay sample on Objectives of Monetary Policy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It can also be called as Price Instability. Both inflation are harmful to the economy. Thus, the monetary policy having an objective of price stability tries to keep the value of money stable. It helps in reducing the income and wealth inequalities. When the economy suffers from recession the monetary policy should be an easy money policy but when there is inflationary situation there should be a dear money policy. 3. Exchange Rate Stability : Exchange rate is the price of a home currency expressed in terms of any foreign currency. If this exchange rate is very volatile leading to frequent ups and downs in the exchange rate, the international community might lose confidence in our economy. The monetary policy aims at maintaining the relative stability in the exchange rate. The RBI by altering the foreign exchange reserves tries to influence the demand for foreign exchange and tries to maintain the exchange rate stability. 4. Balance of Payments (BOP) Equilibrium : Many developing countries like India suffers from the Disequilibrium in the BOP. The Reserve Bank of India through its monetary policy tries to maintain equilibrium in the balance of payments. The BOP has two aspects i. e. the BOP Surplus and the BOP Deficit. The former reflects an excess money supply in the domestic economy, while the later stands for stringency of money. If the monetary policy succeeds in maintaining monetary equilibrium, then the BOP equilibrium can be achieved. 5. Full Employment : The concept of full employment was much discussed after Keyness publication of the General Theory in 1936. It refers to absence of involuntary unemployment. In simple words Full Employment stands for a situation in which everybody who wants jobs get jobs. However it does not mean that there is a Zero unemployment. In that senses the full employment is never full. Monetary policy can be used for achieving full employment. If the monetary policy is expansionary then credit supply can be encouraged. It could help in creating more jobs in different sector of the economy. 6. Neutrality of Money : Economist such as Wicksted, Robertson have always considered money as a passive factor. According to them, money should play only a role of medium of exchange and not more than that. Therefore, the monetary policy should regulate the supply of money. The change in money supply creates monetary disequilibrium. Thus monetary policy has to regulate the supply of money and neutralize the effect of money expansion. However this objective of a monetary policy is always criticized on the ground that if money supply is kept constant then it would be difficult to attain price stability. 7. Equal Income Distribution : Many economists used to justify the role of the fiscal policy is maintaining economic equality. However in resent years economists have given the opinion that the monetary policy can help and play a supplementary role in attainting an economic equality. monetary policy can make special provisions for the neglect supply such as agriculture, small-scale industries, village industries, etc. and provide them with cheaper credit for longer term. This can prove fruitful for these sectors to come up. Thus in recent period, monetary policy can help in reducing economic inequalities among different sections of society.

Juvenile Crime and Treatment Causes of Adolescent Atrocity essays

Juvenile Crime and Treatment Causes of Adolescent Atrocity essays Juvenile Crime and Treatment: Causes of Adolescent Atrocity In a small town like Haddon Township, crime does not seem like a serious issue. Small crimes such as vandalism may be looked at as immense. In other parts of the country though, crime is much more serious. There are places where teenagers are being convicted of murder. Some of these teenagers are also receiving the death penalty. The United States is one of the only four countries in the world who puts minors on death row. The juvenile crime rate in America has been increasing steadily for years. "A young black man, Shareef Cousin, has been put on death row for a crime he was convicted of, killing a 25-year old white man. Shareef was only 16 when he was convicted and sentenced" (Farley). Most of the teens who are convicted of committing these murders have experienced some sort of abuse at some point in their lives. "Robert Anthony Carter was put on death row for crimes he allegedly committed then he was 17. Carter was a victim of child abuse. He had been hit in the head with a brick, baseball bat, dinner plates, to name a few. His abuse and injuries werent treated. His IQ is 74 making him semiretarded. This information was not brought up at his trial and could have significantly changed the outcome" (Farley). In the United Sates, "Twelve out of 50 states have juveniles on death row" (Atlanta). Why are we one of only a few countries who dares to put a juvenile on death row? "Among the adolescents on death row, the family histories revealed distinctive signs such as sexual abuse, violence between parents, extreme violence with weapons by family members, physical abuse, parental alcoholism, and parental psychiatric hospitalizations" (Crespi 353). Child abuse has a substantial effect on many juvenile, as well as hardened, criminals. "The adolescents were ashamed by ...

Political Geography of Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political Geography of Britain - Essay Example Hence, an electoral system strongly determines a political system’s organization. For anyone interested with the political process, electoral systems are a significant object of study. This paper is on the electoral system of Britain, particularly focusing on its advantages and disadvantages. Britain uses the single member constituency with simple majority, also referred to as the First Past the Post system as her electoral system. For general elections purposes, Britain comprises single constituencies. Every party wishing to contest for the seat/constituency must present one representative or candidate to stand. In every constituency, each voter has one vote, which they cast for the representative or candidate of their choice. Elected as the Member of Parliament for a certain constituency is the candidate with the greatest number of votes. Subsequently, the party with the largest number of elected Members of Parliament normally forms the government (Britton, p1, 2008). Pritch ett (2003) asserts that such an electoral system’s mechanics have in general given support to the dominance of Britain’s parliament by two parties thereby permitting one party to form a governing majority alone. Various scholars associate several advantages as well as disadvantages to this kind of electoral system. As far as electoral systems are concerned, the First Past the Post system that Britain uses is relatively simple and straightforward for voters to comprehend. It requires each voter to place one cross only.

Return of Hong Kong to China Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 26

Return of Hong Kong to China - Assignment Example Because of this, generous reforms were implemented that proved to be economically successful. Later, younger leaders copied his economic model that earned the criticism of hardcore communists. First, the cities become overpopulated by rural migrants which becomes a housing problem. Household registration is a big concern since the government is trying to control the influx of migrants through the hukou system. Most of the migrants are considered as temporary migrants who would return to their villages one day. There’s also the problem of discrimination since people in the city look down on these migrants. Migrants are often blamed for crimes or any misdemeanor in a community which shows how ethnocentric urban dwellers are in China. First of all, it is hard to control the environmental pollution because this is the price for China’s success. As the country consumes more natural resources to manufacture more goods, it has also to chew out tons of pollution. Health concerns are just one matter as children get sick from different industrial waste. Algal red tide problems along the coastline is another environmental disaster that would be hard to correct. Another issue is Basically, north and south China differ in many ways, namely: geography, climate, and even culture. The northern part of China is mainly characterized by flat plains and grasslands which is suitable for growing wheat. On the other hand, the southern part has mountains and valleys which are conducive to planting rice. Also, irrigation is not a problem in southern China due to the rainy weather. The Yangtze river plays an important role in rice cultivation in southern China. The origins of Japan’s economic success began during the Meiji period when the leaders during that period accepted the concept of free market economy.  

Discussing why Facebook recently acquired Whatsapp Essay

Discussing why Facebook recently acquired Whatsapp - Essay Example Facebook and whatsapp are among the leading social media platforms we have in the modern world. The two social Medias have significant number of users that each pose a threat to another as far as the social media business is concerned. In comparison to other social Medias that have been in existence before the invention of whatsapp, facebook was dominating the market with the highest number of users. With the coming of whatsapp in the social media market, it intensified the completion to a point where facebook opted to acquire it. Apart from the excessive competition in the social media market brought about by Whatsapp application, there are many other ways to justify the acquisition of Whatsapp by Facebook. Just like in other forms of business, one business my either merge with another or fully acquire it depending on the business environment they both face. According to studies by Ireland, Hoskisson and Hitt (2012 pp.133), one business may acquire another in order to increase its growth, gain market power, manage risks and reduce costs. In relation to such acquisition reasons, Facebook owners made the move to acquire Whatsapp in order to increase its growth in the social media market. Acquiring Whatsapp, which is a strong competitor, would also help Facebook manage the risk of elimination from business and cut costs of operation such as advertising. Management of such factors would subsequently lead to an increase in the market power by Facebook. In studies conducted by Frankel (2011 pp.22), he notes that, among the main reasons why one business may acquire another include customers and market share. One business may want to take over the customers of a competing business and successively take over the market share. In relation to the above studies, Facebook will take over the users of whatsapp and subsequently its market share. This is possible because Whatsapp has the ability to attract many users than facebook. Studies

Features And Characteristics Of Dbms Products Computer Science Essay

Features And Characteristics Of Dbms Products Computer Science Essay A Database Management System is system software that enables users to define, create, update, organize, manage and maintain databases. DBMS also controls access to data in the database. It allocates organizations to set control of organization-wide database growth in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other experts. 1A DBMS is a system software package that assists the use of integrated collection of data records and files recognized as databases. It allows dissimilar user application programs to simply access the same database. DBMSs might use any of a diversity of database models, for instance the network model or relational model. There are 4 major components of DBMS such as Data model, Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Manipulation Language (DML) and Data dictionary. Data model defines the way data is arranged as an example hierarchy, network, relational, object-oriented, hypermedia, and object-relational multidimensional. Data definition language (DDL) defines the type of data stored in the database and how it is stored. DDL is used to define the scheme. Scheme is a description of the content database and a list of items and their relationship. Data Manipulation Language (DML) is used with third-generation language, fourth-and object-oriented language to achieve the content database so that it can be added, modified and deleted. Structured Query Language (SQL) DML is one of the most popular. Example commands: SELECT, INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE. Data Dictionary stores definition data elements and characteristics. Elements represent a data field for example, individuals, businesses, programs, reports, etc. DBMS products including are SQL, Oracle, dBase, Paradox, Ingres, Foxpro, and Microsoft Access etc. The Features and Characteristics of DBMS Products Microsoft Access 2Microsoft Office Access, formerly known as Microsoft Access, is a relational database management system from Microsoft that merges the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software development tools. Access stores data in its own format based on the Access Jet Database Engine. It capable also import or connect directly to data stored in other Access databases, SharePoint lists, XML, Excel, text, HTML, Outlook, dBase, Lotus 1-2-3, Paradox, or any ODBC-compliant data container as well as Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL and PostgreSQL. Software developers and data architects know how to use it to develop application software and non-programmer power users can use it to build simple applications. 3Visual Basic for Applications supported Office applications Access like other and it is an object-oriented programming language that can reference a variety of objects, including the DAO (Data Access Objects) and ActiveX Data Objects, and many other ActiveX components created by Microsoft or by third parties. Visual objects applied in forms and reports interpretation their properties and methods kindly in the VBA programming environment and a big selection of Windows operating system functions can be stated and called from VBA code modules, making Access a rich programming environment. Users are able to produce tables, queries, forms and reports, and link them jointly with macros. VBA can use by advanced that able to write rich solutions with advanced data manipulation and user control. 4The original concept of Access was for end users to be able to access data from any source. Other uses include: the import and export of data to many formats including Excel, Outlook, ASCII, dBase, Paradox, FoxPro, SQL Server, Oracle, ODBC, etc. It also has the ability to link to data in its existing location and use it for viewing, querying, editing, and reporting. This allows the existing data to change and the Access platform to always use the latest data. It can perform heterogeneous joins between data sets stored across different platforms. Access is often used by people downloading data from enterprise level databases for manipulation, analysis, and reporting locally. There is also the Jet Database format (MDB or ACCDB in Access 2007) which can include the application and data in one file. This creates it very suitable to allocate the whole application to another user, who can run it in disconnected environments. The benefits of Access from a programmers viewpoint is its relation compatibility with SQL (structured query language) queries can be viewed graphically or edited as SQL statements, and SQL statements can be used straightforwardly in Macros and VBA Modules to manipulate Access tables. Users can merge and apply both VBA and Macros for programming forms and logic and proposes object-oriented potential. VBA can also be integrated in queries. Microsoft Access suggests parameterized queries. Other programs like VB6 and .NET through DAO or ADO can be referenced for these queries and Access tables. From Microsoft Access, VBA can reference parameterized stored procedures via ADO. 5The desktop editions of Microsoft SQL Server can be used with Access as an alternative to the Jet Database Engine. This support started with MSDE (Microsoft SQL Server Desktop Engine), a scaled down version of Microsoft SQL Server 2000, and continues with the SQL Server Express versions of SQL Server 2005 and 2008. 6Microsoft Access is a file server-based database. Unlike client-server relational database management systems (RDBMS), Microsoft Access does not implement database triggers, stored procedures, or transaction logging. Access 2010 (not released) does have table level triggers and stored procedures built into the ACE data engine. Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Microsoft produced Microsoft SQL Server that is a relational model database server. Its main query languages are ANSI SQL and T-SQL. 7The recent version of SQL Server, SQL Server 2008, (code-named Katmai) was released on August 6, 2008 and aims to make data management self-tuning, self organizing, and self maintaining with the development of SQL Server Always On technologies, to provide near-zero downtime. SQL Server 2008 also includes support for structured and semi-structured data, including digital media formats for pictures, audio, video and other multimedia data. In current versions, such multimedia data can be stored as BLOBs (binary large objects), but they are generic bitstreams. Inherent awareness of multimedia data will allow focused functions to be presented on them. According to Paul Flessner, senior Vice President, Server Applications, Microsoft Corp., SQL Server 2008 can be a data storage backend for different varieties of data: XML, email, time/calendar, file, document, spatial, etc as well as perform search, query, analysis, sharing, and synchronization across all data types. 8Other new data types include specialized date and time types and a spatial data type for location-dependent data.[7] Better support for unstructured and semi-structured data is provided using the new FILESTREAM data type, which can be used to reference any file stored on the file system. Structured data and metadata about the file is stored in SQL Server database, whereas the unstructured component is stored in the file system. Such files can be accessed both via Win32 file handling APIs as well as via SQL Server using T-SQL; doing the latter accesses the file data as a BLOB. Backing up and restoring the database backs up or restores the referenced files as well. SQL Server 2008 also natively supports hierarchical data, and includes T-SQL constructs to directly deal with them, without using recursive queries. SQL Server contains better compression features, which also assists in improving scalability. It also contains Resource Governor that allows preserving resources for certain users or workflows. It also contains potentiality for transparent encryption of data as well as compression of backups. SQL Server 2008 maintains the ADO.NET Entity Framework and the reporting tools, replication, and data definition will be built around the Entity Data Model. SQL Server Reporting Services will get charting capabilities from the integration of the data visualization products from Dundas Data Visualization Inc., which was acquired by Microsoft. 9On the management side, SQL Server 2008 includes the Declarative Management Framework which allows configuring policies and constraints, on the entire database or certain tables, declaratively. The version of SQL Server Management Studio included with SQL Server 2008 supports IntelliSense for SQL queries against a SQL Server 2008 Database Engine. SQL Server 2008 also makes the databases available via Windows PowerShell providers and management functionality available as Cmdlets, so that the server and all the running instances can be managed from Windows PowerShell. Microsoft SQL Server 2008 Express SQL Server Express supports most of the features and functions of SQL Server. SQL Server 2008 Express is based on SQL Server, which fully supports the features of the Database Engine products. 10The following table lists a few of the major features and components that are supported. Stored Procedures SQL Server Configuration Manager Views Replication (as a subscriber only) Triggers Advanced Query Optimizer Cursors SMO/RMO sqlcmd and osql utilities Integration with Visual Studio 2005 Snapshot Isolation Levels Service Broker (as a client only) ¹ Native XML support, including XQuery and XML Schemas SQL CLR Transact-SQL language support Multiple Active Result Sets (MARS) Dedicated Administrator Connection ² Import/Export Wizard SQL Server Express supports Service Broker, but direct communication between two SQL Server Express servers is not supported. The Dedicated Administrator Connection feature for SQL Server Express is supported with the trace flag 7806. Oracle Database 11g 11Oracle Database is the only database designed for grid computing. With the release of Oracle Database 11g, Oracle is making the management of enterprise information easier than ever; enabling customers to know more about their business and innovate more quickly. Oracle Database 11g delivers superior performance, scalability, availability, security and ease of management on a low-cost grid of industry standard storage and servers. Oracle Database 11g is designed to be effectively deployed on everything from small blade servers to the biggest SMP servers and clusters of all sizes. Herein combination series, study how significant latest features such as Flashback Data, Archive Database Replay, and SecureFiles work through easy, actionable how-tos and taster code. It features computerized management abilities for simple, cost-effective operation. Oracle Database 11gs unique ability to run all data from conventional business information to XML and 3D spatial information makes it the perfect choice to power transaction processing, data warehousing, and content management applications. Replay database tools, such as allows capturing the production workload and repeating the test database or stilling the same database to assess the effects of modifies. As a whole, Oracle Database 11g builds database infrastructure distance further capable, flexible, and convenient. For instance, the compelling new features in the area of partitioning ease the design and management of partitioned tables hugely. MySQL 5.1 MySQL 5.1 is the newest of the MySQL releaseswith 5.1.7, the most recent it has just progressed from alpha to beta status.  [12]  The following features have been included to MySQL 5.1. Partitioning.   This capability enables distributing portions of individual tables across a file system, according to rules which can be set when the table is created. In effect, different portions of a table are stored as separate tables in different locations, but from the user point of view, the partitioned table is still a single table. Row-based replication.   Replication capabilities in MySQL originally were based on propagation of SQL statements from master to slave. This is called statement-based replication. Plugin API.   MySQL 5.1 adds support for a very flexible plug-in API that enables loading and unloading of various components at runtime, without restarting the server. Although the work on this is not finished yet, plug-in full-text parsers are a first step in this direction. This allows users to implement their own input filter on the indexed text, enabling full-text search capability on arbitrary data such as PDF files or other document formats. Event scheduler.   MySQL Events are tasks that run according to a schedule. When you create an event, you are creating a named database object containing one or more SQL statements to be executed at one or more regular intervals, beginning and ending at a specific date and time. Server log tables.   Before MySQL 5.1, the server writes general query log and slow query log entries to log files. As of MySQL 5.1, the servers logging capabilities for these logs are more flexible. Log entries can be written to log files (as before) or to the general log and slow log tables in the mysql database. If logging is enabled, either or both destinations can be selected. The log-output option controls the destination or destinations of log output. Upgrade program.   The mysql_upgrade program (available as of MySQL 5.1.7) checks all existing tables for incompatibilities with the current version of MySQL Server and repairs them if necessary. This program should be run for each MySQL upgrade. MySQL Cluster.   MySQL Cluster is now released as a separate product, based on MySQL 5.1 but with the addition of the NDBCLUSTER storage engine. Some of the changes in MySQL Cluster since MySQL 5.0 are listed here: MySQL Cluster replication.   MySQL Cluster disk data storage.   Improved backups for MySQL Cluster. IBM DB2 DB2 is regard as by many to have been the earliest database product to use SQL (as well build up by IBM) while Oracle released a commercial SQL database product rather before than IBM did. 13IBMs DB2 database software is a leader in database scalability, reliability, multimedia extensibility, and Web enablement needed for the most demanding e-business applications, said Boris Nalbach, CTO (Chief Technical Officer) The executive responsible for the technical direction of an organization. DB2(R) move towards with a diversity of features that run on the server that can apply to increase or extend the applications. While use DB2 features, no need to write our own code to perform the same tasks. DB2 also allows storing some parts of our code at the server as an alternative of keeping all of it in the client application. This can have performance and maintenance benefits. Here are features to protect data and to identify relationships between data. Additionally, here are object-relational features to build flexible, advanced applications. Some features can use in more than one way. For example, limitations enable to protect data and to identify relationships between data values.  [14]  There are several key DB2 features: Constraints User-defined types (UDTs) and large objects (LOBs) User-defined functions (UDFs) Triggers Stored procedures 15To choose whether or not to apply DB2 features, consider the following points: Application independence Can make application independent of the data it processes. Using DB2 features that run at the database enables to maintain and change the logic surrounding the data without affecting the application. If, need to make a transform to that logic, require only to change it in one place at the server, and not in every application that accesses the data. Performance Make the application perform more quickly by storing and running parts of the application on the server. This modifies some processing to normally more powerful server machines, and can decrease network traffic between client application and the server. Application requirements Application might have unique logic that other applications dont have. For example, if application processes data entry errors in a particular order that would be unsuitable for other applications; this might want to write our own code to handle this situation. Some cases, that may to decide using DB2 features to run on the server since they can be used by several applications. Others decide to keep logic in the application as it is used by your application only. Comparison of the Features and Characteristics of DBMS Products Developers and database administrators recognize significant differences in the database tools they are presently using. Oracle and IBM DB2 are considered considerably better than Microsoft Access, even though considerably more people use Microsoft Access. 16Information about what fundamental RDBMS features are implemented natively.   Features ACID  Ã‚   Referential integrity  Ã‚   Transactions  Ã‚   Unicode  Ã‚   Interface  Ã‚   DB2 Yes Yes Yes Yes GUI SQL Microsoft Access No Yes Yes Yes GUI SQL Microsoft SQL Server Yes Yes Yes Yes GUI SQL MySQL Yes   Yes   Yes   partial SQL Oracle Yes Yes Yes Yes GUI SQL Oracle Rdb Yes Yes Yes Yes SQL Most of the features and functionality of SQL Server that supported by SQL Server Express. 17Table lists of some features and components that are supported as given below. Stored Procedures SQL Server Configuration Manager Views Replication (as a subscriber only) Triggers Advanced Query Optimizer Cursors SMO/RMO sqlcmd and osql utilities Integration with Visual Studio 2005 Snapshot Isolation Levels Service Broker (as a client only) ¹ Native XML support, including XQuery and XML Schemas SQL CLR Transact-SQL language support Multiple Active Result Sets (MARS) Dedicated Administrator Connection ² Import/Export Wizard SQL Server Express supports Service Broker, but direct communication between two SQL Server Express servers is not supported. The following list highlights the major SQL Server components that are not supported in SQL Server Express: Reporting Services Notification Services Integration Services Analysis Services Full text search OLAP Services / Data Mining Conclusion 18Different DBMS package has different features and capabilities. Most likely the most significant general features to consider in the DBMS chase are security-related. Reflect on whether the DBMS supports access by numerous users at once (multi-user support), which is a significant feature in many situations. If using RDBMS, be sure it features broad support for SQL. If going to be bound by the rigor of the relational model, should be at least be capable to take benefit of the entire area of its features. If using an object-oriented DBMS, support for the Object Database Management Groups (ODMGs) standards offers improved hope of porting code to other DBMS products. Apart from of the chosen model, language or platform, investigate what open standards there are for DBMS and look for these in the products under consideration.

Larnyx Cancer :: essays research papers

Cancer Information: Larynx Cancer  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Larynx cancer is a cancer that effects the larynx, or voice box, in people; it can also be called laryngeal cancer. The cancer occurs most frequently in people over the age of fifty-four and in black males. The larynx is approximately two inches long and is located below the nose passage way and above the trachea. Tumors can develop anywhere in the three parts of the larynx, the glottis, supraglottis, and subglottis. When the cancer spreads to other parts of the body it is called metastatic cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Symptoms for this type of cancer depend mainly on the size and location of the tumor. Most cases of larynx cancer occurs in the glottis area, or vocal cord section. When a tumor develops in this area it is usually painless, but almost always results in hoarseness and a change in the person’s voice. If the tumor occurs in the supraglottis, or the section above the vocal cords, it may cause a lump in the throat, sore throat, or earaches. When the tumor develops in the area where the larynx and trachea join, subglottis, the person experiences trouble in breathing, very noisy breathing. Constant coughing or a feeling of a lump that doesn’t go away are also signs of larynx cancer. Tumor development in the subglottis is very unusual and rare. As a tumor grows it may cause pain, weight loss, bad breath, frequent choking on food, and hard swallowing. Only qualified doctors are able to tell if any of the signs are really symptoms of the cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A person with larynx cancer can be treated according to the person’s age, general health, and preferences. The size of the tumor, location of the tumor, and whether the cancer has spread or not also plays a major role in determining the type of treatment. Treatment can be done by local therapy or systemic therapy. In local therapy there is a choice of radiation therapy, surgery, or a combination of both. The only choice in systemic therapy is chemotherapy. When radiation therapy is used high-energy rays damage the cancerous cells and stops them from growing larger. A patient treated by radiation has a better chance of keeping his or her voice after the treatment. Treatment usually last for five days per week for five to six weeks. Surgery is used when the tumor continues to grow even after radiation has been applied. Larnyx Cancer :: essays research papers Cancer Information: Larynx Cancer  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Larynx cancer is a cancer that effects the larynx, or voice box, in people; it can also be called laryngeal cancer. The cancer occurs most frequently in people over the age of fifty-four and in black males. The larynx is approximately two inches long and is located below the nose passage way and above the trachea. Tumors can develop anywhere in the three parts of the larynx, the glottis, supraglottis, and subglottis. When the cancer spreads to other parts of the body it is called metastatic cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Symptoms for this type of cancer depend mainly on the size and location of the tumor. Most cases of larynx cancer occurs in the glottis area, or vocal cord section. When a tumor develops in this area it is usually painless, but almost always results in hoarseness and a change in the person’s voice. If the tumor occurs in the supraglottis, or the section above the vocal cords, it may cause a lump in the throat, sore throat, or earaches. When the tumor develops in the area where the larynx and trachea join, subglottis, the person experiences trouble in breathing, very noisy breathing. Constant coughing or a feeling of a lump that doesn’t go away are also signs of larynx cancer. Tumor development in the subglottis is very unusual and rare. As a tumor grows it may cause pain, weight loss, bad breath, frequent choking on food, and hard swallowing. Only qualified doctors are able to tell if any of the signs are really symptoms of the cancer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A person with larynx cancer can be treated according to the person’s age, general health, and preferences. The size of the tumor, location of the tumor, and whether the cancer has spread or not also plays a major role in determining the type of treatment. Treatment can be done by local therapy or systemic therapy. In local therapy there is a choice of radiation therapy, surgery, or a combination of both. The only choice in systemic therapy is chemotherapy. When radiation therapy is used high-energy rays damage the cancerous cells and stops them from growing larger. A patient treated by radiation has a better chance of keeping his or her voice after the treatment. Treatment usually last for five days per week for five to six weeks. Surgery is used when the tumor continues to grow even after radiation has been applied.

My Favourite Band Essay

I have always loved music since I was young . My favorite band is One Direction . I love One Direction because they are the most amazing band in the world . When I first heard their music, I knew that they were always going to be one of my favorites band. They song made me want to get up, dance, and sing . Their music is catchy ,fun to listen to and over all great. One Direction are a British-Irish boy band consisting of members Niall Horan, Zayn Malik, Liam Payne, Harry Styles and Louis Tomlinson . The cutest guys you could imagine . I like One Direction most because their voice is very nice and when they sings their voice comes from the heart and which is very touchy and tends the song listen many times. They competed on the seventh season of The X Factor . One Direction’s first single is â€Å"What Makes You Beautiful† . The first song of one direction that makes me feel crazy is What Makes You Beautiful . A catchy tune began to play, it made not only my body dance b ut my heart too. A deep and sweet voice began to sing meaningful lyrics that made me smile so much it hurt my cheeks. One Direction’s song Little Things has the emotions kind of moving, with the lyrics that make you want to cry because they are so meaningful. One Directions voices are reason why I love them so much. Their singing voices and talking voices can catch anyone speechless . Their voices are so beautiful, in every single way possible. I mostly like Harry and Zayn voices . Each member has beautiful personalities as well, another reason I love them so very much. Liam has a sweet and caring personality. Louis believes he will never grow up and thinks everything needs to be fun in a way. Zayn has a sweet, over protective, bad boy personality. Niall has an adorable, care free, special personality that makes everyone love him. Harry has the perfect kind of personality. He can be shy, but at the same time completely friendly. Harry is very sweet and seems to always make people feel special. One Direction is the most important thing in my life. I absolutely in love with One Direction. Especially, Zayn Malik! I hope that my dream to go to One Direction 2013 World Tour will come true .

Food Inc. Case Study Essay

1. How has technology been applied to the food production process? Give/describe at least 3 examples. In the last 50 years, technology has completely changed the way we eat. When we think about farming, we think red barns, green grass, free-roaming animals, etc. Farming, now-a-days, is far different than the image the industry has lead us to believe. Farming has become a highly industrialized and mechanized business. The reality is our food is no longer coming from farms; it’s coming off assembly lines in factories, just like automobiles. Due to the high demand for certain types of foods, technology has allowed us to change the way we grow our food. Through genetic engineering, scientists have been able to introduce genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) into the food system to help with the shortage of food. Take for instance, the chicken. In 1950, it took farmers 70 days to raise a chicken. Now, it takes half the time, only 48 days. Not only can farmers grow chickens faster, they can grow them to be bigger. To meet the needs of consumers’ preferences for white meat, scientists made specific changes to the chickens’ DNA that made it possible to redesign the chicken to have larger breasts (Wikipedia.org). Another area where technology was applied to our food production process was through crops. In the 1930’s scientists developed a hybrid seed for corn, this hybrid had stronger stalks that resisted being blown over and it allowed farmers to plant the crop closer together (Food, Inc. Discussion Guide). Resulting in higher yields, â€Å"100 years ago a farmer in America could grow maybe 20 bushels of corn on an acre. Today, 200 bushels is no problem† (Food, Inc.). With the surplus of corn, scientists were able to develop more uses for it. A couple of examples include corn-based ethanol fuel, high-fructose corn syrup, maltodextrin, etc. Even though the technological advances mentioned above are astounding, one can’t help but wonder how these changes are aff ecting society. 2. How has business influenced government in the agricultural / food industry? Give at least 3 examples from the documentary. Monsanto has influenced government in many ways when it comes to the agricultural / food industry. Michael Pallon, an American author / journalist / activist, states â€Å"There has been this revolving door between Monsanto’s corporate offices and the various regulatory and judicial bodies that have made the  key decisions.† (Food, Inc.). For example, Justice Clarence Thomas (1991 – Present) was an attorney for Monsanto from 1976 – 1979 and wrote the majority of the opinion that refused farmers from cleaning and saving their own seed (Food, Inc.) Monsanto also had very close ties to the Bush and Clinton Administration. These ties eliminated the political debates over the extreme change in our food system. â€Å"For the last 25 years, our government has been dominated by the industries that it was meant to be regulating† (Food, Inc.). Take for example, Michael Taylor King, a Spaulding lawyer from 1994 – 1991. He advised his client, Monsanto, on GMF labeling. Then in 1991, he became the Deputy Commissioner for Policy and oversaw the FDA’s decision not to label GMF’s. As stated in the film, there is too much centralized power. Farmers are going into more and more debt with each year passing and what’s truly sad about the whole situation is they have no control over the businesses they worked tooth and nail for. 3. What is the FDA’s most current policy on genetically engineered foods? If you use a quote, then use two paragraphs or more to support the quote.  According to Noelle Cremers with the California Farm Bureau the FDA’s most current policy regarding genetically engineered foods is as follows, â€Å"And if I can point out the reason that we are concerned with labeling is it creates unnecessary fear in a consumer’s mind. Until the industry has an opportunity to educate why we want to use this technology and the value of the technology, we don’t feel that consumers just having a warning label will help them† (Food, Inc.). The problem with this is it violates consumer’s rights. As stated in the â€Å"consumer’s Magna Carta† that was spelled out by President John F. Kennedy, consumers have four basic rights, the right to be informed, the right to safety, the right to choose, and the right to be heard (Carroll and Buchholtz 392). The FDA is violating at least three of consumer’s rights by not labeling for GMO’s. Starting with the right to be informed, which â€Å"refers to the consumer’s right to know about a product, its use, and the cautions to be exercised while using it† (Carroll and Buchholtz 392). Without labeling, consumers have no clue what they are consuming, they are not informed. Next, the FDA is violating consumer’s right to safety which refers to concerns of  a product being dangerous (Carroll and Buchholtz 392). Even though GMO’s were discovered in the 1970’s, approximately 40 years ago, there is little to no research proving these products are safe for us to consume. Are they trying to cover up the fact that they are dangerous? Lastly, they are not allowing consumers the right to choose. Without full disclosure of GMO’s, how can one make an accurate choice? As far as the right to be heard, the FDA is hearing consumer’s desires and grievances towards the labeling of GMO’s, they’re just not listening. 4. What evidence do you see in the documentary that business is taking a more proactive, socially responsible stance to food production? To prove it is possible for businesses to have a proactive, socially responsible stance in the way food is produced, the documentary focused on two companies, Polyface Farms and Stonyfield Farms. Joel Salatin, owner of Polyface Farms, is hitting the nail on the head when it comes to being a socially responsible business owner. He’s upholding his economic responsibility to be profitable. He may not be striving to have his food sold at Wal-Mart, but he is charging customer’s fair prices for the quality of food he is providing. Polyface Farms is being legally responsible by obeying all laws. Although, the United States Department of Agricultural did try shutting them down because their operations are open to the air and it is considered to be unsanitary. However, he had his workplace cultured at a local microbiology lab and the results averaged 133 colony forming units, where the cultures from stores averaged 3600 colony forming units. In microbiology, colony-forming unit (CFU) is an estimate of viable bacterial or fungal numbers. Unlike direct microscopic counts where all cells, dead and living, are counted, CFU estimates viable cells (Wikipedia.org). Lastly, Polyface farms is withholding there ethical standards high. Some could argue that killing animals for food is wrong, but that is a completely different subject. The company is showing respect to the planet, their workers, the animals, and their consumers. In the documentary Joel Salatin states, â€Å"I mean, a culture that just views a pig as a pile of protoplasmic inanimate structure to be manipulated by whatever creative design that humans can foist on that critter will probably view individuals within its community and other cultures in the community of  nations with the same type of disdain, disrespect and controlling-type mentality.† (Food, Inc.). That statement alone proves he is ethically responsible. The documentary also focused on Stonyfield Farms as a socially responsible company. Gary Hirschberg, the COO of Stonyfield Farms states, â€Å"When we started out, we were a seven-cow farm. We wanted to prove that business could be part of the solution to the globe’s environmental problems. At the same time we had to prove that we could be highly profitable† (Food, Inc.). Stonyfield is the third largest yogurt brand in America, and they are the most profitable, e.g. they’re being economically responsible. The company is proving to be ethically responsible by providing organic yogurt, quality products, to the consumers at a responsible price, and you can tell in the documentary that their animals are being treated with respect. The cows were roaming free and were very clean, the farm had red barns that were kept nicely, and the grass was green. More and more companies today, are sprinting into the organic business. They are starting to realize that consumers are waking up and seeing behind the veil the food industry has put up. Consumers want to be healthy, be respected as both consumers and worker, and they want to preserve our environment for future generations. Works Citied Carroll, Archie B., and Buchholtz, Ann K. Business and Society: Ethics, Sustainability, and Stakeholder Management. 8th ed. Mason, OH: Cengage, 2012. â€Å"Colony-forming Unit.† Wikipedia.org. 4 February 2014. 18 March 2014 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony-forming_unit> Food, Inc. Dir. Robert Kenner. Perf. Robert Kenner; Richard Pearce; Eric Schlosser; Melissa Robledo; William Pohlad; Jeff Skoll; Robin Schorr; Diane Weyermann; Elise Pearlstein; Kim Roberts; Michael Pollan; Gary Hirshberg; Joel Salatin; Mark Adler. Los Angeles, CA : Magnolia Home Entertainment, 2009. DVD. â€Å"Food, Inc. Discussion Guide.† Takepart.com. 15 March 2014 â€Å"Genetically Modified Food.† Wikipedia.org. 17 March 2014. 18 March 2014 < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food >

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